Heavy-tailed distributions in fatal traffic accidents: role of human activities

Human activities can play a crucial role in the statistical properties of observables in many complex systems such as social, technological and economic systems. We demonstrate this by looking into the heavy-tailed distributions of observables in fatal plane and car accidents. Their origin is examined and can be understood as stochastic processes that are related to human activities. Simple mathematical models are proposed to illustrate such processes and compared with empirical results obtained from existing databanks.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Temperature trends at the Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii

Observations at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, established the systematic increase of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere. For the same reasons that this site provides excellent globally averaged CO2 data, it may provide temperature data with global significance. Here, we examine hourly temperature records, averaged annually for 1977-2006, to determine linear trends as a function of time of day. For night-time data (22:00 to 06:00 LST (local standard time)) there is a near-uniform warming of 0.040 degrees C yr(-1). During the day, the linear trend shows a slight cooling of -0.014 degrees C yr(-1) at 12:00 LST (noon). Overall, at Mauna Loa Observatory, there is a mean warming trend of 0.021 degrees C yr(-1). The dominance of night-time warming results in a relatively large annual decrease in the diurnal temperature range (DTR) of -0.050 degrees C yr(-1) over the period 1977-2006. These trends are consistent with the observed increases in the concentrations of CO2 and its role as a greenhouse gas (demonstrated here by first-order radiative forcing calculations), and indicate the possible relevance of the Mauna Loa temperature measurements to global warming.</p

Scaling and correlations in the dynamics of forest-fire occurrence

Forest-fire waiting times, defined as the time between successive events above a certain size in a given region, are calculated for Italy. The probability densities of the waiting times are found to verify a scaling law, despite that fact that the distribution of fire sizes is not a power law. The meaning of such behavior in terms of the possible self-similarity of the process in a nonstationary system is discussed. We find that the scaling law arises as a consequence of the stationarity of fire sizes and the existence of a non-trivial ``instantaneous'' scaling law, sustained by the correlations of the process.Comment: Not a long paper, but many figures (but no large size in kb

Portugueses Gaúchos: socio-political transnationalism, integration and identities in the River Plate Region

Através da análise de entrevistas com emigrantes portugueses e os seus descendentes na região platina, o artigo explora as relações entre integração e participação em associações de emigrantes, e como elas se inter-relacionam com a identidade colectiva na sociedade de recepção. Examinamos o papel das associações de emigrantes na construção e reforço dos símbolos, referências e identidades nacionais, e como simultaneamente facilitam a integração. Sugerimos que a activação de identidades do país de origem não tem efeitos etnicizantes; pelo contrário, funciona como recurso efectivo da integração, promovendo as redes sociais abertas

Inverse spectral problems for Dirac operators with summable matrix-valued potentials

We consider the direct and inverse spectral problems for Dirac operators on $(0,1)$ with matrix-valued potentials whose entries belong to $L_p(0,1)$, $p\in[1,\infty)$. We give a complete description of the spectral data (eigenvalues and suitably introduced norming matrices) for the operators under consideration and suggest a method for reconstructing the potential from the corresponding spectral data.Comment: 32 page

Non-characteristic Half-lives in Radioactive Decay

Half-lives of radionuclides span more than 50 orders of magnitude. We characterize the probability distribution of this broad-range data set at the same time that explore a method for fitting power-laws and testing goodness-of-fit. It is found that the procedure proposed recently by Clauset et al. [SIAM Rev. 51, 661 (2009)] does not perform well as it rejects the power-law hypothesis even for power-law synthetic data. In contrast, we establish the existence of a power-law exponent with a value around 1.1 for the half-life density, which can be explained by the sharp relationship between decay rate and released energy, for different disintegration types. For the case of alpha emission, this relationship constitutes an original mechanism of power-law generation

Analytic approach to stochastic cellular automata: exponential and inverse power distributions out of Random Domino Automaton

Inspired by extremely simplified view of the earthquakes we propose the stochastic domino cellular automaton model exhibiting avalanches. From elementary combinatorial arguments we derive a set of nonlinear equations describing the automaton. Exact relations between the average parameters of the model are presented. Depending on imposed triggering, the model reproduces both exponential and inverse power statistics of clusters.Comment: improved, new material added; 9 pages, 3 figures, 2 table

Do fado ao tango: a emigração portuguesa para a Região Platina

É conhecida a importância da emigração espanhola e italiana na constituição das sociedades nacionais do cone sul da América Latina; muito menos se sabe sobre a emigração portuguesa, especialmente nos países de fala hispânica. Este artigo explora as dinâmicas migratórias e as características dos imigrantes portugueses na região do Rio da Prata, área que abarca a República Oriental do Uruguai, as províncias do litoral argentino e os estados do Sul do Brasil. Após uma introdução em que se descreve a singularidade histórica e geográfica da região, apresenta-se uma análise sucinta dos processos migratórios que a foram povoando entre meados do século XIX e o final do século XX. Identificam-se políticas migratórias na origem e no destino e periodizam-se os fluxos migratórios provenientes de Portugal. Em seguida, apresentam-se alguns elementos de caracterização dos vários núcleos de imigrantes portugueses e luso-descendentes, bem como as respectivas dinâmicas associativas. O artigo conclui com uma série de reflexões comparativas

Point-occurrence self-similarity in crackling-noise systems and in other complex systems

It has been recently found that a number of systems displaying crackling noise also show a remarkable behavior regarding the temporal occurrence of successive events versus their size: a scaling law for the probability distributions of waiting times as a function of a minimum size is fulfilled, signaling the existence on those systems of self-similarity in time-size. This property is also present in some non-crackling systems. Here, the uncommon character of the scaling law is illustrated with simple marked renewal processes, built by definition with no correlations. Whereas processes with a finite mean waiting time do not fulfill a scaling law in general and tend towards a Poisson process in the limit of very high sizes, processes without a finite mean tend to another class of distributions, characterized by double power-law waiting-time densities. This is somehow reminiscent of the generalized central limit theorem. A model with short-range correlations is not able to escape from the attraction of those limit distributions. A discussion on open problems in the modeling of these properties is provided.Comment: Submitted to J. Stat. Mech. for the proceedings of UPON 2008 (Lyon), topic: crackling nois